The Admonitions  of Ipuwer

It is impossible to give a date for the composition of this document. The surviving papyrus (Papyrus Leiden 334) itself is a copy made during the New Kingdom. Ipuwer is generally supposed to have lived during the Middle Kingdom or the Second Intermediate Period, and the catastrophes he bewails to have taken place four centuries earlier during the First Intermediate Period.

Fringe historians often compare the contents of this papyrus with the second book of the bible, Exodus. Such comparisons between Egyptian texts and the bible are easily made and assuming Egyptian influence on the Hebrews is reasonable, given their at times close contacts. To conclude from these similarities that the Ipuwer Papyrus describes Egypt at the time of the Exodus requires a leap of faith not everybody is willing to make.

Lacunae in the papyrus text are marked by .

I
The door [keepers] say: "Let us go and plunder."
The confectioners .
The washerman refuses to carry his load
The bird [catchers] have drawn up in line of battle [ the inhabitants] of the Delta carry shields.
The brewers sad.
A man regards his son as his enemy. Confusion another. Come and conquer; judge what was ordained for you in the time of Horus, in the age [of the Ennead ]. The virtuous man goes in mourning because of what has happened in the land goes the tribes of the desert have become Egyptians everywhere.
Indeed, the face is pale; what the ancestors foretold has arrived at [fruition ] the land is full of confederates, and a man goes to plough with his shield.
Indeed, the meek say: ["He who is of] face is as a well-born man."
Indeed, [the face] is pale; the bowman is ready, wrongdoing is everywhere, and there is no man of yesterday.
Indeed, the plunderer everywhere, and the servant takes what he finds.
Indeed, the Nile overflows, yet none plough for it [I/1]. Everyone says: "We do not know what will happen throughout the land."
Indeed, the women are barren and none conceive. Khnum fashions (men) no more because of the condition of the land.

II
Indeed, poor men have become owners of wealth, and he who could not make sandals for himself is now a possessor of riches.
Indeed, men's slaves, their hearts are sad, and magistrates do not fraternize with their people when they shout.
Indeed, [hearts] are violent, pestilence is throughout the land, blood is everywhere, death is not lacking, and the mummy-cloth speaks even before one comes near it.
Indeed, many dead are buried in the river; the stream is a sepulcher and the place of embalmment has become a stream.
Indeed, noblemen are in distress, while the poor man is full of joy. Every town says: "Let us suppress the powerful among us." [II/1]
Indeed, men are like ibises. Squalor is throughout the land, and there are none indeed whose clothes are white in these times.
Indeed, the land turns around as does a potter's wheel; the robber is a possessor of riches and [the rich man is become] a plunderer.
Indeed, trusty servants are ; the poor man [complains]: "How terrible! What am I to do?"
Indeed, the river is blood, yet men drink of it. Men shrink from human beings and thirst after water. [II/2]
Indeed, gates, columns and walls are burnt up [II/3], while the hall of the palace stands firm and endures.
Indeed, the ship of [the southerners] has broken up; towns are destroyed and Upper Egypt has become an empty waste.
Indeed, crocodiles [are glutted] with the fish they have taken, for men go to them of their own accord [II/4]; it is the destruction of the land. Men say: "Do not walk here; behold, it is a net." Behold, men tread [the water] like fishes, and the frightened man cannot distinguish it because of terror.
Indeed, men are few, and he who places his brother in the ground is everywhere. When the wise man speaks, [he flees without delay].
Indeed, the well-born man through lack of recognition, and the child of his lady has become the son of his maidservant.

III
Indeed, the desert is throughout the land, the nomes are laid waste, and barbarians [III/1] from abroad have come to Egypt[III/2].
Indeed, men arrive and indeed, there are no Egyptians [III/3] anywhere.
Indeed, gold and lapis lazuli, silver and turquoise, carnelian and amethyst, Ibhet-stone and are strung on the necks of maidservants. Good things are throughout the land, (yet) housewives say: "Oh that we had something to eat!"
Indeed, noblewomen. Their bodies are in sad plight by reason of their rags, and their hearts sink when greeting [one another]. Indeed, chests of ebony are broken up, and precious ssndm-wood is cleft asunder in beds .
Indeed, the builders [of pyramids have become] cultivators, and those who were in the sacred bark are now yoked [to it]. None shall indeed sail northward to Byblos today; what shall we do for cedar trees for our mummies, and with the produce of which priests are buried and with the oil of which [chiefs] are embalmed as far as Keftiu? They come no more; gold is lacking and materials for every kind of craft have come to an end. The of the palace is despoiled. How often do people of the oases come with their festival spices, mats, and skins, with fresh rdmt-plants, grease of birds ?
Indeed, Elephantine and Thinis of Upper Egypt, (but) without paying taxes owing to civil strife. Lacking are grain, charcoal, irtyw-fruit, m'w-wood, nwt-wood, and brushwood. The work of craftsmen and are the profit of the palace. To what purpose is a treasury without its revenues? Happy indeed is the heart of the king when truth comes to him! And every foreign land [comes]! That is our fate and that is our happiness! What can we do about it? All is ruin!
Indeed, laughter is perished and is [no longer] made; it is groaning that is throughout the land, mingled with complaints.

IV
Indeed, every dead person is as a well-born man. Those who were Egyptians [have become] foreigners and are thrust aside.
Indeed, hair [has fallen out] for everybody, and the man of rank can no longer be distinguished from him who is nobody.
Indeed, because of noise; noise is not in years of noise, and there is no end [of] noise.
Indeed, great and small [say]: "I wish I might die." Little children say: "He should not have caused [me] to live."
Indeed, the children of princes are dashed against walls, and the children of the neck [IV/1] are laid out on the high ground [IV/2].
Indeed, those who were in the place of embalmment are laid out on the high ground, and the secrets of the embalmers are thrown down because of it.
Indeed, that has perished which yesterday was seen, and the land is left over to its weakness like the cutting of flax.
Indeed, the Delta in its entirety will not be hidden, and Lower Egypt puts trust in trodden roads. What can one do? No exist anywhere, and men say: "Perdition to the secret place!" Behold, it is in the hands of those who do not know it like those who know it. The desert dwellers are skilled in the crafts [IV/3] of the Delta.
Indeed, citizens are put to the corn-rubbers, and those who used to don fine linen are beaten with Those who used never to see the day have gone out unhindered; those who were on their husbands' beds, let them lie on rafts. I say: "It is too heavy for me," concerning rafts bearing myrrh. Load them with vessels filled with [ Let] them know the palanquin. As for the butler, he is ruined. There are no remedies for it; noblewomen suffer like maidservants, minstrels are at the looms within the weaving-rooms, and what they sing to the Songstress-goddess is mourning. Talkers corn-rubbers.
Indeed, all female slaves are free with their tongues, and when their mistress speaks, it is irksome to the maidservants.
Indeed, trees are felled and branches are stripped off [IV/4].

V
I have separated him and his household slaves, and men will say when they hear it: "Cakes are lacking for most children; there is no food . What is the taste of it like today?"
Indeed, magnates are hungry and perishing, followers are followed because of complaints.
Indeed, the hot-tempered man says: "If I knew where God is, then I would serve Him."
Indeed, [Right] pervades the land in name, but what men do in trusting to it is Wrong.
Indeed, runners are fighting over the spoil [of ] the robber, and all his property is carried off.
Indeed, all animals, their hearts weep; cattle moan because of the state of the land.
Indeed, the children of princes are dashed against walls, and the children of the neck are laid out on the high ground. Khnum groans because of his weariness.
Indeed, terror kills; the frightened man opposes what is done against your enemies. Moreover, the few are pleased, while the rest are Is it by following the crocodile and cleaving it asunder? Is it by slaying the lion roasted on the fire? [Is it] by sprinkling for Ptah and taking ? Why do you give to him? There is no reaching him. It is misery which you give to him.
Indeed, slaves throughout the land, and the strong man sends to everyone; a man strikes his maternal brother. What is it that has been done? I speak to a ruined man.
Indeed, the ways are , the roads are watched [V/1]; men sit in the bushes until the benighted traveller comes in order to plunder his burden, and what is upon him is taken away. He is belaboured with blows of a stick and murdered.
Indeed, that has perished which yesterday was seen, and the land is left over to its weakness like the cutting of flax, commoners coming and going in dissolution .

VI
Would that there were an end of men, without conception, without birth! Then would the land be quiet from noise and tumult be no more.
Indeed, [men eat] herbage and wash [it] down with water; neither fruit nor herbage can be found [for] the birds, and is taken away from the mouth of the pig. No face is bright which you have for me through hunger.
Indeed, everywhere barley has perished and men are stripped of clothes, spice, and oil; everyone says: "There is none." The storehouse is empty and its keeper is stretched on the ground; a happy state of affairs!
Would that I had raised my voice at that moment, that it might have saved me from the pain in which I am.
Indeed, the private council-chamber, its writings are taken away and the mysteries which were [in it] are laid bare [VI/1].
Indeed, magic spells are divulged [VI/2]; smw- and shnw-spells [VI/3] are frustrated because they are remembered by men.
Indeed, public offices are opened and their inventories are taken away; the serf has become an owner of serfs.
Indeed, [scribes] are killed and their writings are taken away. Woe is me because of the misery of this time!
Indeed, the writings of the scribes of the cadaster are destroyed, and the corn of Egypt is common property [VI/4].
Indeed, the laws of the council chamber are thrown out; indeed, men walk on them in public places, and poor men break them up in the streets.
Indeed, the poor man has attained to the state of the Nine Gods, and the erstwhile procedure of the House of the Thirty [VI/5] is divulged.
Indeed, the great council-chamber is a popular resort, and poor men come and go to the Great Mansions.
Indeed, the children of magnates are ejected into the streets; the wise man agrees and the fool says "no," and it is pleasing in the sight of him who knows nothing about it.
Indeed, those who were in the place of embalmment are laid out on the high ground, and the secrets of the embalmers are thrown down because of it.
 

VII
Behold, the fire has gone up on high, and its burning goes forth against the enemies of the land.
Behold, things have been done which have not happened for a long time past; the king has been deposed by the rabble.
Behold, he who was buried as a falcon [VII/1] [is devoid] of biers, and what the pyramid concealed has become empty.
Behold, it has befallen that the land has been deprived of the kingship by a few lawless men.
Behold, men have fallen into rebellion against the Uraeus, the of Re, even she who makes the Two Lands content.
Behold, the secret of the land whose limits were unknown is divulged, and the Residence is thrown down in a moment.
Behold, Egypt is fallen to pouring of water, and he who poured water on the ground has carried off the strong man in misery.
Behold, the Serpent is taken from its hole, and the secrets of the Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt are divulged.
Behold, the Residence is afraid because of want, and [men go about] unopposed to stir up strife.
Behold, the land has knotted itself up with confederacies, and the coward takes the brave man's property.
Behold, the Serpent [VII/2] the dead: he who could not make a sarcophagus for himself is now the possessor of a tomb.
Behold, the possessors of tombs are ejected on to the high ground, while he who could not make a coffin for himself is now [the possessor] of a treasury.
Behold, this has happened [to] men; he who could not build a room for himself is now a possessor of walls.
Behold, the magistrates of the land are driven out throughout the land: are driven out from the palaces.
Behold, noble ladies are now on rafts, and magnates are in the labour establishment, while he who could not sleep even on walls is now the possessor of a bed [VII/3].
Behold, the possessor of wealth now spends the night thirsty, while he who once begged his dregs for himself is now the possessor of overflowing bowls.
Behold, the possessors of robes are now in rags, while he who could not weave for himself is now a possessor of fine linen.
Behold, he who could not build a boat for himself is now the possessor of a fleet; their erstwhile owner looks at them, but they are not his.
Behold, he who had no shade is now the possessor of shade, while the erstwhile possessors of shade are now in the full blast of the storm.
Behold, he who was ignorant of the lyre is now the possessor of a harp, while he who never sang for himself now vaunts the Songstress-goddess [VII/4].
Behold, those who possessed vessel-stands of copper not one of the jars thereof has been adorned.

VIII
Behold, he who slept wifeless through want [finds] riches, while he whom he never saw stands making dole.
Behold, he who had no property is now a possessor of wealth, and the magnate praises him.
Behold, the poor of the land have become rich, and the [erstwhile owner] of property is one who has nothing.
Behold, serving-men have become masters of butlers, and he who was once a messenger now sends someone else.
Behold, he who had no loaf is now the owner of a barn, and his storehouse is provided with the goods of another.
Behold, he whose hair is fallen out and who had no oil has now become the possessors of jars of sweet myrrh.
Behold, she who had no box is now the owner of a coffer, and she who had to look at her face in the water is now the owner of a mirror.
Behold, .
Behold, a man is happy eating his food. Consume your goods in gladness and unhindered, for it is good for a man to eat his food; God commands it for him whom He has favoured .
[Behold, he who did not know] his god now offers to him with incense of another [who is] not known [to him].
[Behold,] great ladies, once possessors of riches, now give their children for beds.
Behold, a man [to whom is given] a noble lady as wife, her father protects him, and he who has not killing him.
Behold, the children of magistrates are [ the calves] / of cattle [are given over] to the plunderers.
Behold, priests transgress with the cattle of the poor .
Behold, he who could not slaughter for himself now slaughters bulls, and he who did not know how to carve now sees .
Behold, priests transgress with geese, which are given [to] the gods instead of oxen.
Behold, maidservants offer ducks; noblewomen .
Behold, noblewomen flee; the overseers of and their [children] are cast down through fear of death.
[Behold,] the chiefs of the land flee; there is no purpose for them because of want. The lord of .

IX
[Behold,] those who once owned beds are now on the ground, while he who once slept in squalor now lays out a skin-mat for himself.
Behold, noblewomen go hungry, while the priests [IX/1] are sated with what has been prepared for them.
Behold, no offices are in their right place, like a herd running at random without a herdsman.
Behold, cattle stray and there is none to collect them, but everyone fetches for himself those that are branded with his name [IX/2].
Behold, a man is slain beside his brother, who runs away and abandons him to save his own skin.
Behold, he who had no yoke of oxen is now the owner of a herd, and he who could find for himself no ploughman is now the owner of cattle.
Behold, he who had no grain is now the owner of granaries, and he who had to fetch loan-corn for himself is now one who issues it.
Behold, he who had no dependents is now an owner of serfs, and he who was [a magnate] now performs his own errands.
Behold, the strong men of the land, the condition of the people is not reported [to them]. All is ruin!
Behold, no craftsmen work, for the enemies of the land have impoverished its craftsmen.
[Behold, he who once recorded] the harvest now knows nothing about it, while he who never ploughed [for himself is now the owner of corn; the reaping] takes place but is not reported. The scribe [sits in his office], but his hands [are idle] in it.
Destroyed is in that time, and a man looks [on his friend as] an adversary. The infirm man brings coolness [to what is hot ] fear [ / . . .]. Poor men [ the land] is not bright because of it.

X
Destroyed is their food is taken from them [ through] fear of his terror. The commoner begs messenger, but not time. He is captured laden with goods and [all his property] is taken away. men pass by his door the outside of the wall, a shed, and rooms containing falcons. It is the common man who will be vigilant, the day having dawned on him without his dreading it. Men run because of [ for] the temple of the head, strained through a woven cloth within the house. What they make are tents, just like the desert folk.
Destroyed is the doing of that for which men are sent by retainers in the service of their masters; they have no readiness.
Behold, they are five men, and they say: "Go on the road you know, for we have arrived."
Lower Egypt weeps; the king's storehouse is the common property of everyone, and the entire palace is without its revenues. To it belong emmer and barley, fowl and fish; to it belong white cloth and fine linen, copper and oil; to it belong carpet and mat, flowers and wheat-sheaf and all good revenues If the it in the palace were delayed, men would be devoid [of ].

Destroy the enemies of the august Residence, splendid of magistrates in it like ; indeed, the Governor of the City goes unescorted.

Destroy [the enemies of the august Residence,] splendid . [Destroy the enemies of] that erstwhile august Residence, manifold of laws . [Destroy the enemies of] that erstwhile august [Residence ].

Destroy the enemies of that erstwhile august Residence none can stand [. . .].

Destroy the enemies of that erstwhile august Residence, manifold of offices; indeed .

Remember to immerse him who is in pain when he is sick in his body; show respect because of his god that he may guard the utterance his children who are witnesses of the surging of the flood.

XI
Remember [XI/1] to [ ] shrine, to fumigate with incense and to offer water in a jar in the early morning.

Remember [to bring] fat r-geese, trp-geese, and ducks [XI/2] and to offer god's offerings to the gods.

Remember to chew natron [XI/3] and to prepare white bread; a man [should do it] on the day of wetting the head.

Remember to erect flag staffs and to carve offering stones, the priest cleansing the chapels and the temple being plastered (white) like milk; to make pleasant the odour of the horizon and to provide bread-offerings.

Remember to observe regulations, to fix dates correctly, and to remove him who enters on the priestly office in impurity of body, for that is doing it wrongfully, it is destruction of the heart the day which precedes eternity, the months years are known.

Remember to slaughter oxen .

Remember to go forth purged who calls to you; to put r-geese on the fire to open the jar the shore of the waters of women clothing [ / ] to give praise in order to appease you.

lack of people; come Re who commands worshipping him [. . .] West until are diminished .

Behold, why does he seek to fashion [men ]? The frightened man is not distinguished from the violent one.

XII
He brings coolness upon heat; men say: "He is the herdsman of mankind, and there is no evil in his heart." Though his herds are few, yet he spends a day to collect them, their hearts being on fire.

Would that he had perceived their nature in the first generation; then he would have imposed obstacles, he would have stretched out his arm against them, he would have destroyed their herds [XII/1] and their heritage. Men desire the giving of birth, but sadness supervenes, with needy people on all sides. So it is, and it will not pass away while the gods who are in the midst of it exist. Seed goes forth into mortal women, but none are found on the road.

Combat has gone forth, and he who should be a redresser of evils is one who commits them; neither do men act as pilot in their hour of duty. Where is he today? Is he asleep? Behold, his power is not seen.

If we had been fed, I would not have found you, I would not have been summoned in vain; "Aggression against it means pain of heart" is a saying on the lips of everyone. Today he who is afraid a myriad of people; did not see against the enemies of at his outer chamber; who enter the temple weeping for him that one who confounds what he has said . . . The land has not fallen the statues are burned and their tombs destroyed he sees the day of . He who could not make for himself between sky and ground is afraid of everybody.
if he does it what you dislike taking.

Authority, knowledge, and truth are with you, yet confusion is what you set throughout the land, also the noise of tumult. Behold, one deals harm to another, for men conform to what you have commanded. If three men travel on the road, they are found to be only two, for the many kill the few.

XIII
Does a herdsman desire death? Then may you command reply to be made, because it means that one loves, another detests; it means that their existences are few everywhere; it means that you have acted so as to bring those things to pass. You have told lies, and the land is a weed which destroys men, and none can count on life. All these years are strife, and a man is murdered on his housetop even though he was vigilant in his gate lodge. Is he brave and saves himself? It means he will live.

When men send a servant for humble folk, he goes on the road until he sees the flood; the road is washed out and he stands worried. What is on him is taken away, he is belaboured with blows of a stick and wrongfully slain. Oh that you could taste a little of the misery of it! Then you would say from someone else as a wall, over and above hot years .

[It is indeed good] when ships fare upstream [ ] robbing them.
It is indeed good . [It is indeed] good when the net is drawn in and birds are tied up .
It is [indeed] good dignities for them, and the roads are passable.
It is indeed good when the hands of men build pyramids, when ponds are dug and plantations of the trees of the gods are made.
It is indeed good when men are drunk; they drink myt and their hearts are happy.

XIV
It is indeed good when shouting is in men's mouths, when the magnates of districts stand looking on at the shouting in their houses, clad in a cloak, cleansed in front and well-provided within [XIV/1].
It is indeed good when beds are prepared and the headrests of magistrates are safely secured. Every man's need is satisfied with a couch in the shade, and a door is now shut on him who once slept in the bushes.
It is indeed good when fine linen is spread out on New Year's Day on the bank; when fine linen is spread out and cloaks are on the ground. The overseer of the trees, the poor [ / ] in their midst like Asiatics [. . .]. Men the state thereof; they have come to an end of themselves; none can be found to stand up and protect themselves .
Everyone fights for his sister and saves his own skin. Is it Nubians? Then will we guard ourselves; warriors are made many in order to ward off foreigners. Is it Libyans? Then we will turn away. The Medjay are pleased with Egypt [XIV/2].

XV
How comes it that every man kills his brother? The troops whom we marshalled for ourselves have turned into foreigners and have taken to ravaging [XV/1]. What has come to pass through it is informing the Asiatics of the state of the land; all the desert folk are possessed with the fear of it. What the plebs have tasted without giving Egypt over [to] the sand. It is strong speak about you after years devastate itself, it is the threshing floor which nourishes their houses to nourish his children said by the troops fish gum, lotus leaves excess of food.

XVI
What Ipuwer said when he addressed the Majesty of the Lord of All: all herds. It means that ignorance of it is what is pleasing to the heart. You have done what was good in their hearts and you have nourished the people with it. They cover their faces through fear of the morrow.
That is how a man grows old before he dies, while his son is a lad of understanding; he does not open [his] mouth to speak to you, but you seize him in the doom of death weep go after you, that the land may be on every side.

XVII
If men call to weep them, who break into the tombs and burn the statues the corpses of the nobles of directing work.

I
[I/1] the Nile overflows, yet none plough for it: The collapse of the Old Kingdom civilisation is generally attributed to a repeated failure of the Nile to inundate the flood plain. A few consecutive crop failures can result in many subsequent years of suffering, as all the grain that can be grown and which is to serve as seed, will been consumed as food.
II
[II/1] Let us suppress the powerful among us: Let us banish many from us (John A.Wilson)
[II/2] Indeed, the river is blood, yet men drink of it. Men shrink from human beings and thirst after water: Why really, the River is blood. If one drinks of it, one rejects (it) as human and thirsts for water. (Wilson)
[II/3] gates, columns and walls are burnt up: doors, columns, and floor planks are burned up (Wilson)
[II/4] crocodiles [are glutted] with the fish they have taken, for men go to them of their own accord: crocodiles [sink] down because of what they have carried off, (for) men go to them of their own accord. (Wilson)
III
[III/1] barbarians : Egyptians saw themselves as the pinnacle of creation: their land was The Land, their people were The People. In this their attitude was similar to that of other ancient (and not so ancient) peoples.
[III/2] from abroad have come to Egypt: Times of weak central power opened opportunities for foreigners to infiltrate the country in even larger numbers than ordinarily: The Nubian Medjay during the First Intermediate Period, the Hyksos during the Second. Still, they probably numbered in the thousands rather in the hundred thousands.
[III/3] Egyptians: people (Wilson) cf. [III/1]
IV
[IV/1] ...the children of the neck (i.e. holding onto the neck of the carrying grown-up): The (once) prayed-for children (Wilson)
[IV/2] on the high ground: burial ground above the flood plain. [IV/3] crafts: work (Wilson)
[IV/4] trees are felled and branches are stripped off: the wholesale destruction of trees causes serious fuel problems, as witnessed nowadays in the Sahel region of sub-saharan Africa
V
[V/1]the ways are , the roads are watched: the ways [are not] guarded roads (Wilson)
VI
[VI/1] the private council-chamber, its writings are taken away and the mysteries which were [in it] are laid bare the writings of the augurs enclosure are read. The place of secrets which was (so formerly) is (now) laid bare (Wilson)
[VI/2] magic spells are divulged: Magic has always shunned the light of day and becomes ineffectual when scrutinized with a critical mind. Strangely, this has never prevented people from believing in it.
[VI/3] smw- and shnw spells: Go-spells and Enfold-spells (Wilson)
[VI/4] the corn of Egypt is common property: The grain-sustenance of Egypt is (now) a come-and-get-it. (Wilson) The storage of surplus grain and its redistribution was one of the corner stones of the Egyptian economy.
[VI/5] House of Thirty: Tribunal, cf. Hail Eater of entrails who came forth from the House of Thirty, I have not committed perjury. from the Book of the Dead transl. by Allen and Faulkner
VII
[VII/1] Falcon: the pharaoh, son of Horus
[VII/2] Serpent: (guardian-)serpent (Wilson)
[VII/3] Behold, noble ladies are now on rafts, and magnates are in the labour establishment, while he who could not sleep even on walls is now the possessor of a bed. Behold, nobles' ladies are (now) gleaners, and nobles are in the workhouse. (But) he who never (even) slept on a plank is (now) the owner of a bed. (Wilson)
[VII/4] Songstress-goddess: goddess of music (Wilson)
IX
[IX/1] priests: king's men (Wilson)
[IX/2] everyone fetches for himself those that are branded with his name: Every man takes for himself and brands (them) with his name. (Wilson)
XI
[XI/1] Remember: The things to remember are the duties of the priests, first among them the pharaoh as High Priest, to their gods. In accordance with the magical thinking of the day (and which still persists among many believers) the meticulous fulfilment of duties brings with it the favour of the gods and thus the well-being of the pious.
[XI/2] ducks: sat-geese (Wilson)
[XI/3] natron: used for cleaning teeth, cf.
XII
[XII/1] their herds: the seed thereof (Wilson)
XIV
[XIV/1] well-provided within: firm-bellied (Wilson)
[XIV/2] The Medjay are pleased with Egypt: The Madjoi fortunately are with Egypt. (Wilson); The Medjai are content with Egypt." (Lichtheim)
XV
[XV/1] foreigners and have taken to ravaging: barbarians, beginning to destroy that from which they took their being (Wilson)